Journal AGENCY

The Dynamics of Legal Politics in Indonesia’s Democratic System: Power Configuration and Legislative Formation

Sudirman Samual — 2026-07-02

Legal politics constitutes the strategic direction through which the state formulates, implements, and develops legal norms in accordance with constitutional objectives and democratic values. In Indonesia's democratic system, legislative formation is shaped by complex interactions among political institutions, public participation, constitutional principles, and competing power configurations. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of legal politics in Indonesia and examine how political power influences the legislative process within a constitutional democracy. The research employs a normative legal method complemented by a qualitative approach, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and historical analyses of legislation, constitutional doctrines, judicial decisions, and relevant scholarly literature. The findings indicate that legal politics in Indonesia is highly dynamic, reflecting shifting balances of power between the executive, legislature, judiciary, political parties, and civil society. Although democratization has strengthened constitutional oversight and expanded opportunities for public participation, legislative outcomes remain vulnerable to elite bargaining, partisan interests, and political intervention, which may undermine legal certainty, justice, and regulatory coherence. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that constitutional review, institutional checks and balances, and meaningful civic engagement play essential roles in preserving democratic accountability and limiting the politicization of lawmaking. It concludes that effective legal politics requires transparent legislative procedures, independent legal institutions, evidence-based policymaking, and sustained public participation to ensure that legislation reflects constitutional values rather than short-term political interests. Strengthening these democratic mechanisms is essential for promoting responsive governance, legal legitimacy, and sustainable constitutional development in Indonesia.

Legal Politics in Indonesia: Ensuring Legal Certainty and Substantive Justice within a Democratic Rule of Law

Ahmad Fadli — 2026-07-30

Legal politics constitutes a fundamental policy framework that determines the direction of lawmaking, implementation, and enforcement within a democratic rule of law. In Indonesia, achieving a balance between legal certainty and substantive justice remains a persistent challenge due to overlapping regulations, inconsistent law enforcement, and the influence of political interests on legislative processes. This study aims to analyze the role of legal politics in ensuring legal certainty and substantive justice while identifying the principal obstacles affecting its implementation in Indonesia. A normative legal research approach was employed using qualitative analysis of constitutional provisions, statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly literature. The analysis demonstrates that legal politics serves as the primary instrument for aligning legislation with constitutional values embodied in Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Effective legal politics contributes to legal certainty by promoting coherent, transparent, and consistent legislation, while simultaneously supporting substantive justice through the protection of human rights, equal access to justice, and non-discriminatory law enforcement. Nevertheless, the findings reveal that regulatory disharmony, political intervention, institutional inconsistency, and limited public participation continue to undermine the realization of these objectives. The study concludes that strengthening legislative planning, enhancing regulatory harmonization, safeguarding judicial independence, improving law enforcement integrity, and expanding meaningful public participation are essential to developing a legal system that combines predictability with fairness. Such reforms are necessary to reinforce democratic governance, uphold the rule of law, and ensure that legal development in Indonesia remains responsive to constitutional principles and the evolving needs of society.

The Role of Environmental Law in Controlling the Exploitation of Natural Resources

Muh. Ramli — 2026-07-02

Uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources (NR) has become one of the major challenges to environmental sustainability, resulting in ecosystem degradation, environmental pollution, biodiversity loss, and increasing social conflicts over resource utilization. These issues have highlighted the urgent need for an effective legal framework capable of balancing economic development with environmental protection. Environmental law plays a strategic role in regulating the utilization and management of natural resources by establishing legal standards, preventive measures, and enforcement mechanisms that promote sustainable development. This study aims to analyze the role of environmental law in controlling natural resource exploitation in Indonesia and to evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation in achieving environmental sustainability. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches through the analysis of relevant legislation, legal doctrines, and scholarly literature. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s environmental legal framework provides several important control instruments, including environmental licensing, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA/AMDAL), environmental monitoring, and administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions for legal violations. Nevertheless, the implementation of these legal instruments continues to face significant challenges, such as weak law enforcement, overlapping regulations, limited institutional coordination, and low public awareness and participation in environmental protection. Therefore, strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing law enforcement capacity, and encouraging greater public participation are essential to achieving sustainable natural resource management and long-term environmental conservation in Indonesia.

Digital Transformation of Finance in Educational Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review on Fintech Implementation

Rahmad Dani Wahe — 2026-07-30

This study aims to systematically examine the implementation of financial technology (fintech) and cashless payment systems (cashless society) in the context of Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) as an effort to minimize the risks associated with conventional transactions. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with a PRISMA approach. Data were obtained from the Google Scholar database using the keywords (“financial technology” OR fintech) AND (“digital payment” OR “cashless society”) AND (“Islamic boarding school” OR pesantren). The inclusion criteria comprised empirical research articles published in the last five years and not in the form of SLR articles. The selection process resulted in seven articles that were analyzed using a thematic approach. The findings indicate that the implementation of fintech-based payment systems in pesantren can reduce the risk of physical money loss, improve the accuracy of real-time transaction recording, strengthen parental monitoring mechanisms over students’ financial usage, and enhance transaction efficiency within the pesantren environment. Furthermore, digital systems strengthen transparency and accountability in pesantren financial management through the availability of documented transaction trails. However, successful implementation is highly influenced by the readiness of technological infrastructure, users’ level of digital literacy, and internal policy support from the pesantren. This study provides a conceptual foundation for developing safer, more transparent, and sustainable digital financial systems in pesantren.

Dynamics of Agrarian Conflict and Its Impact on Natural Resource Governance in Indonesia

Asruddin — 2026-07-02

Agrarian conflicts remain one of the most pressing challenges in the governance of natural resources in Indonesia. These conflicts frequently emerge from overlapping land ownership claims, inconsistencies in land administration systems, unequal access to and control over natural resources, conflicting sectoral regulations, and weak legal certainty in the recognition and protection of land rights. Such conditions have contributed to prolonged disputes involving local communities, indigenous peoples, private corporations, and government institutions, thereby creating significant obstacles to sustainable development and equitable resource management. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of agrarian conflicts and examine their implications for natural resource governance in Indonesia. The research employs a normative juridical approach by analyzing statutory regulations, legal doctrines, judicial principles, and relevant academic literature concerning agrarian law and natural resource governance. The findings reveal that agrarian conflicts have far-reaching consequences, extending beyond legal disputes to influence social, economic, and environmental dimensions. These conflicts contribute to social instability, reduce public trust in government institutions, hinder investment and development initiatives, and accelerate environmental degradation through unsustainable land use practices. Furthermore, unresolved conflicts weaken the effectiveness of natural resource governance by limiting policy implementation, reducing institutional coordination, and increasing the potential for recurring disputes. The study concludes that addressing agrarian conflicts requires comprehensive legal and institutional reforms. Strengthening regulatory frameworks, harmonizing sectoral policies, improving legal certainty, establishing fair and transparent conflict resolution mechanisms, and enhancing meaningful public participation are essential strategies for promoting sustainable, inclusive, and equitable natural resource governance. These measures are expected to support the realization of legal justice, environmental sustainability, and balanced socio-economic development in Indonesia while minimizing the recurrence of agrarian disputes in the future.

The Influence of Education Level on the Performance of Village Officials in Sampaga District, Mamuju Regency

Aldy — 2026-07-02

This study aims to determine the effect of education level on the performance of village officials in Sampaga District, Mamuju Regency. The population in this study was all village officials in Sampaga District, Mamuju Regency, totaling 54 people. The sampling technique used was saturated sampling, so that all members of the population were used as research samples. The research method used was a quantitative approach with data collection techniques through distributing questionnaires to respondents. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive analysis, data quality tests including validity and reliability tests, and hypothesis testing using simple linear regression analysis, t-tests, and coefficients of determination (R²). The results of the study showed that education level had a positive and significant effect on the performance of village officials. This was evidenced by a significance value of <0.05 and a calculated t-value that was greater than the t-table. The results of the regression analysis showed a unidirectional relationship between education level and village official performance, where the higher the level of education, the higher the performance of village officials tended to be. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.999 indicates that 99.9% of the variation in village apparatus performance can be explained by education level, while the remaining 0.1% is influenced by other factors outside the research model. Thus, it can be concluded that education level plays a very important role in improving the performance of village apparatus in Sampaga District, Mamuju Regency.

The Role of Sociology of Law in Promoting Social Order: A Socio-Legal Perspective

Muh. Sabir — 2026-07-02

The sociology of law provides an interdisciplinary framework for understanding how legal norms interact with social values, institutions, and human behavior in shaping social order. Despite the existence of comprehensive legal regulations, many societies continue to experience low legal compliance, social conflicts, and inconsistent law enforcement, indicating that legal effectiveness depends not only on normative validity but also on social acceptance. This study aims to examine the role of the sociology of law in promoting social order by analyzing the relationship between legal awareness, legal culture, and the implementation of state law within diverse social contexts. The research employs a normative legal method complemented by a socio-legal approach through the analysis of legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly literature. The findings demonstrate that social order is more likely to be achieved when legal norms are formulated and enforced in accordance with prevailing social values, cultural traditions, and community expectations. The sociology of law contributes to improving legal effectiveness by strengthening public legal awareness, fostering trust in legal institutions, and integrating state law with living law practiced within society. Furthermore, the study reveals that legal compliance is influenced by the quality of law enforcement, public participation, legal education, and the legitimacy of legal institutions. It concludes that a socio-legal perspective is essential for developing responsive legal policies capable of balancing legal certainty with social justice. Integrating sociological insights into lawmaking and enforcement can enhance legal legitimacy, encourage voluntary compliance, and promote sustainable social order in democratic and pluralistic societies.

The Influence of Work Culture and Job Satisfaction on the Performance of Health Workers at the Bontomarannu Public Health Center, South Galesong District

Irnawati — 2026-07-02

This study aims to determine how the influence of work culture and job satisfaction on the performance of health workers at the Bontomarannu Community Health Center, South Galesong District. This study is a quantitative study. The data for this study were obtained through observation and questionnaires. The population in this study was 50 health workers using the Slovin formula. The data used the Multiple Linear Regression method, Normality Test, Multicollinearity Test, Heteroscedasticity Test, T Test, F Test, and Coefficient of Determination using SPSS 26 software. Based on the results of the study, work culture has a significant positive effect on performance, meaning that the better the work culture implemented, the better the performance of health workers will be. Likewise, job satisfaction has a significant positive effect on the performance of health workers, meaning that health workers who are satisfied with their work will have higher work enthusiasm, greater responsibility, and a strong commitment in carrying out their duties. And work culture and job satisfaction simultaneously have a significant positive effect on the performance of health workers, meaning that work culture and job satisfaction together have a significant effect on the performance of health workers at the Bontomarannu Community Health Center UPT, South Galesong District. Work culture and job satisfaction are important factors in improving employee performance, because both are able to shape the attitudes, motivation, and work behavior of health workers in carrying out their duties and responsibilities.

Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Natural Resources Management

Basman — 2026-07-02

The protection of indigenous peoples’ rights in the management of natural resources has become a crucial issue in environmental and agrarian law in Indonesia, particularly in the context of increasing pressure from large-scale natural resource exploitation. Indigenous communities possess a long-standing relationship with their customary territories and natural resources, which is reflected in traditional management systems based on local wisdom, cultural values, and sustainable environmental practices. These systems have contributed significantly to the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. However, in practice, the rights of indigenous peoples are frequently marginalized due to overlapping regulations, weak legal recognition, limited participation in decision-making processes, and the expansion of extractive industries and development projects. This study aims to analyze the legal protection afforded to indigenous peoples in the management of natural resources and to evaluate the effectiveness of its implementation within the existing legal framework. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches to examine relevant constitutional provisions, legislation, and legal doctrines. The findings indicate that legal protection has been formally recognized under the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management. Nevertheless, its practical implementation remains constrained by inconsistent law enforcement, institutional weaknesses, and conflicts over land and resource tenure. Therefore, stronger legal recognition, effective law enforcement, and inclusive governance are essential to ensure the protection of indigenous peoples’ rights while promoting equitable and sustainable natural resource management.

The Influence of Perceived Family Support and Perceived Workplace Support on Work Life Balance and Employee Performance (Study at the Makassar City Employment Service)

Sri Hamdana Syahrul — 2026-07-02

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of Perceived Family Support and Perceived Workplace Support on Work Life Balance and Employee Performance at the Makassar City Manpower Office. This sample was taken from employees of the Makassar City Manpower Office. The type of data used in this study is quantitative data obtained from distributed questionnaires and related to the problem being studied. Data collection was carried out using research instruments, data analysis was quantitative/statistical, with the aim of testing the established hypothesis. Based on the results of the study using statistical calculations through the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) application, it can be concluded that: Analysis of the influence of Perceived Family Support on Employee Performance obtained a significance value of 0.411> 0.05. So it can be concluded that directly does not have a positive influence Perceived Family Support on Employee Performance, Analysis of the influence of Perceived Workplace Support on Employee Performance. Obtained a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. So it can be concluded that there is a direct significant influence of Perceived Workplace Support on Employee Performance, Analysis of the influence of Perceived Family Support on Work Life Balance. A significance value of 0.000 <0.05 is obtained. So it can be concluded that there is a direct significant influence of Perceived Family Support on Work Life Balance, Analysis of the influence of Perceived Workplace Support (X2) on Work Life Balance. A significance value of 0.008 <0.05 is obtained. So it can be concluded that there is a direct significant influence of Perceived Workplace Support on Work Life Balance, and Analysis of the influence of Work Life Balance on Employee Performance. A significance value of 0.458> 0.05 is obtained. So it can be concluded that there is no direct significant influence of Work Life Balance on Employee Performance.